Periodontal (gum) diseases are serious infections that, left untreated,
can lead to tooth loss. The word periodontal literally means
"around the tooth." Periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and
periodontitis, are bacterial infections that are chronic and affect the
gums and bone supporting the teeth.
Periodontal disease commences when the bacteria in plaque (the sticky,
colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth) causes the
gums to become inflamed. It can affect one tooth or many teeth.
Gingivitis is the
mildest form of the disease. The gums redden, swell and bleed easily.
There is usually little or no discomfort. Gingivitis is often caused by
inadequate oral hygiene. Gingivitis is reversible with professional
treatment and good oral home care.
When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. With
time, plaque can spread and grow below the gum line. The bacteria in
plaque produce toxins that irritate the gums. These toxins stimulate a
chronic inflammatory response in which the body in essence turns on itself
and the tissues and bone that support the teeth are broken down and
destroyed. Gums separate from the teeth, forming pockets (spaces between
the teeth and gums) that become infected. The pockets deepen as the
disease progresses, and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. Often,
this destructive process has very mild symptoms. Eventually, teeth can
become loose and may have to be removed.
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